Analysis
August 2023

Aqueduct 4.0: Updated Decision-Relevant Global Water Risk Indicators

by
Samantha Kuzma, Marc F.P. Bierkens, Shivani Lakshman, Tianyi Luo, Liz Saccoccia, Edwin H. Sutanudjaja and Rens Van Beek
Originally published by
World Resources Institute

This technical note serves as the main reference for the updated Aqueduct™️ 4.0 water risk framework. It details the data and methodology used to create 13 indicators of global water risk. Indicators reflect both current conditions and future projections of water supply, demand, stress, and more. This paper also describes how water risks can be aggregated into categories of risk, such as physical and quality, as well as administrative risk.

Insights
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Methods
August 2025
by
Jenna Stewart, Jon Radtke, Tianyi Luo, Jairo Trad, Andrea Ramos, Rosario Gumucio, Guadalupe Avila, Sofia Della Costanza Croxatto, Paola Flores, Justina Serrano, and Diego Reyes
Perspectives
January 2025
by
Stas Cynkar, Amy Herod, Paul Reig, Gregg Brill, Klaudia Schachtschneider, Christine Curtis
Methods
August 2024
by
Bluerisk, Bonneville Environmental Foundation, LimnoTech and World Resources Institute